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On the Frequency of Severe Terrorist EventsSanta Fe Institute, New Mexico and Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Department of Government, University of Essex, United Kingdom and Centre for the Study of Civil War, Oslo, Norway
In the spirit of Lewis Richardson’s original study of the statistics of deadly conflicts, we study the frequency and severity of terrorist attacks worldwide since 1968. We show that these events are uniformly characterized by the phenomenon of "scale invariance," that is, the frequency scales as an inverse power of the severity, P(x) Ax-
Key Words: terrorism • frequency-severity statistics • scale invariance • Richardson’s law
Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 51, No. 1,
58-87 (2007) This article has been cited by other articles:
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. We find that this property is a robust feature of terrorism, persisting when we control for economic development of the target country, the type of weapon used, and even for short time scales. Further, we show that the center of the distribution oscillates slightly with a period of roughly 
13 years, that there exist significant temporal correlations in the frequency of severe events, and that current models of event incidence cannot account for these variations or the scale invariance property of global terrorism. Finally, we describe a simple toy model for the generation of these statistics and briefly discuss its implications. 
